Practical solutions in additive manufacturing –
Innovative jointing principles

3D concrete printing as an additive manufacturing method (AM) is a pioneering technology that will significantly accelerate construction process industrialization. The concrete is built up layer by layer, without
formwork, by means of digitally controlled material application, enabling optimized structural elements in terms of material
and force flow. The first 3D-printed pedestrian bridge with a length of 12 m and a width of 1.75 m was built in Madrid (2016),
comprising multiple concrete segments that were previously printed using the particle-bed method. Subsequent projects included an 8-m long pedestrian bridge in Gemert (2017) and a 26-m long pedestrian
bridge in Shanghai (2019), which were assembled from 8 and 44 segments,
respectively, printed using the extrusion method. In the construction of this type of structures, joint design between the printed segments is a
crucial point to ensure undisturbed force transmission. To date, the butt
joints have generally been realized as “wet joints”. In the future, digital
manufacturing will enable the design of innovative, highly precise “dry joints” that will further accelerate construction processes and additionally facilitate controlled deconstruction. The dry joints can generally
be designed right in the printing process but need to be customized to the 3D printing technology used. CNC-controlled subtractive postprocessing
methods, such as cutting, milling or grinding
(Fig. 1a), provide more flexibility, permitting
3D elements of different additive
manufacturing processes to be post-processed at the joints either in a highly
customized way or based on a “joint
catalogue” (Fig. 1b). The aim is to create
highly precise dry joints with a structural
design optimized in terms of force flow
and the required joint surface properties.
This approach is  currently researched
as part of the collaborative research center/
Transregio TRR 277 at TU Braunschweig
by the Division of Concrete Construction
of the Institute of Building Materials,
Concrete Construction and Fire Safety
(Institut für Baustoffe, Massivbau
und Brandschutz; iBMB) and the Institute of  Structural Design (Institut für
Tragwerksentwurf; ITE).