Future-proof wastewater disposal based on BOT models

Public wastewater disposal has so far been equated with centralized disposal schemes. Publicly operated decentralized systems are the exception rather than the rule. Decentralized wastewater treatment systems serving 50 to 1,000 inhabitants are usually operated by public entities, namely by local communities that have joined forces in so-called Zweckverbände (local and regional wastewater management associations), particularly in the East German federal states. Decentralized systems designed to serve fewer than 50 inhabitants are generally operated by private-sector entities. In these cases,...